本文可供想学英语写作的学习者或教英语写作的老师参考,盼望对有缘的友人在英语写作和阅读方面有所启发.因为掌握了英语写作的思维和结构模式就会赞助你在阅读中胸有成竹,快捷掌握英语篇章的中心思惟和重点内容;反过来用这种模式阅读又帮助你更进一步吃透英语篇章的组织机构和过程,让自己也成为此道高手.
作文从段落走向篇章,阅读从篇章走向段落
英语作文广泛训练难,进步慢,字句、段落形散意也散.究其起因,重要是学习者没法解脱汉语习惯思维的影响,以及语言基础功不够.所以他们的作文扣不住中心,为凑满字数,段落中呈现良多与主题无关的句子;全部语段狼藉无绪,句与句之间,段与段之间,缺少必要的衔接,就象一个个孤岛;句式变更少,文章读起单调枯燥.
针对这些标题,笔者将作文训练与浏览严密联合,融为一体.在作文中鼎力抓好段落组织,而后从段落天然走向篇章;而在阅读教学中则将每篇文章进行篇章构造(organization)剖析,从篇章走向段落,再分析段落的组织.下面先扼要先容一下段落写作的详细做法.
一. 注意抓英语作文的段落写作(paragraphing)
不论是一本书,一篇论文仍是一篇短文都是由段落组成的.那么怎么才算是一个段落呢?美国教导家John Ostrom在他的 Better Paragraphs Plus一书中以为:一个段落就是由一个包含一个核心要点(controlling idea)的主题句,外加多少个支持这个中心要点的句子组成,为了保障段落的整体性,写作时必需测验主题下的每句话都能支撑中央要点.由此可见,一个段落的要害在于捉住主题句,在主题句中说明一个要点,这一段中的所有句子,事例、数据、论述都必须与主题句的中央要点亲密相干,否则,再妙的句子也得割爱.下面咱们看一下如何进行整体性(Unity )的练习以写出完全同一的好段落.
一) 器重中心要点(controlling idea)
前面已经谈到段落的关键是主题句和中心要点.那么就必需要求学生作文每段都有主题句(topic sentence)并且在主题句中有明确的中心要点.中心要点就是一个能正确显视出段落的主要内容的单词、短语或从句.它必须是一段所讲的中心.比方,某个段落的中心要点是谈"足球",那这一段中就只能讲与足球有关的内容,而不能大谈特谈排球或其它球类活动.在段落中通常只探讨大的主题下限定了范畴的一个小主题.
其次,在缭绕主题句抉择论据或增添新观点的时候,要切记这一段中的中心要点是什么,并且留神所用事实和论据是否支持它;切忌将无关的事实和论据写进往.这个情理很简略,症结是怎么晓得所写的内容确切能支持语句的中心要点呢?这就须要让学生控制一种卓有成效的检测手段.
二) 整体性的检修手腕
好的段落除了需要一个规模适当的主题句和明确的中心要点外,更需要作者组织充足有力的材料来支持它,来向读者证实你主题句中的中心要点.一旦你脑筋中有了明确的中心要点,接下来的便是从你所领有的能支持这个中心要点的材料中精选一些出来,然后,一句一句的与中心要点相对比,看能否紧扣中心要点.一个最简单适用的方法就是使用"因为检验法"(because method)或"例如检验法"(for instance method ).也就是说在所有的句子前加上"because"或"for instance".
当主题句观点可用why来反诘时, 这一段的所有句子都可以用"因为检验法";而当主题句的观点更合适用例证时,就用"例如检验法".如有这样一个主题句,"I am the top student in my class. "很明显中心要点是"top student",我们有许多事实来支持它, 但哪些是最适合的呢?不妨用这种简单的方法:"Why are you the top student?"
a) Because I get 90 marks in the exams every time.
b) Because I always get "A" for my work.
c) Because I am a favorite student of almost all my teachers.
d) Because my father is a scientist.
e) Because I often borrow books from the library.
从上面五点事实中,能直接成为"top student "证据的一眼即明,只有A、B、C、三条.于是我们就可取这几条事实,往掉"because",再加上必要的连接词,就形成了一个紧密环绕中心要点的段落框架.再如:某篇题为" Air Pollution "的作文第一段的主题句如次:" Air pollution is one of the major problems of the modern world ",显然其中心要点是"air pollution"和"major problem",在组织这个段落的时候,可以用"for instance"检验手段来取舍合乎中心要点的事实和资料.如:
a) For instance, more and more factories pour millions of tons of harmful gases into the air.
b) For instance, cars which are out on the street take in air and replace it with poisonous gases.
C) For instance, a lot of people suffered from bad air.
d) For instance, fishes in the river are becoming fewer and fewer for the sake of pollution.
把上面四个句子逐个与中心要点对照,就可以决议出前三个例子正好能阐明主题句的意思.而d)却不必定是air pollution.我们只有把主题句和这三个方面的例子再稍加一些细节解释及必要的连接词就构成一个比拟统一的段落.
通过这种段落训练,可以逐步培育清楚的逻辑思维,做到段落乃至篇章的整体统一性,避免整段或整篇文章混乱无绪;使文章读起来有血有肉,而不会干燥无味.只要把这种段落再围绕一个大的主题紧密地连接起来,就可成为一篇组织良好的文章了.
这种方法实在一点即明
shenzhen massage,关键是如何使学生既有好的段落组织方法,又能有大量的实践机会和丰盛的素材.这就需要将精读课与写作紧密结合.
二. 精读课中篇章学习与作文中的段落组织有机结合
在阅读课中进行篇章教学;从全文到段落,再到主题句和中心要点以及围绕中心要点的组织(organization).正好为我们的英语作文训练供给长期而有效的实际机遇和最佳素材.
在精读课学习中,个别让学生先预习(preview)课文, 并对预习提出请求,否则预习就会流于情势.让学生在预习中做以下几件事件:1.看题目,揣测本文的主要内容;2.注意开首段与结尾段,由于它常揭示本文的中心思维;3.通读全文,看本人的推测如何,并侧重注意文章可分几部分;4.列出文章的段落要点,并提供说明要点的具体材料.
若学生做到以上几点,再进行学习,其播种就会大得多.当初以第一册第九课为例说明如何分析文章的结构(organization)并辅助学生领会英语名家对文章和段落的组织.在分析进程中一样可用"because "和"for instance"检验手段:
Unit Nine
Thesis: The brain is the most complicated of all organs. Man, especially scientists still has a lot to learn about it.
I. Some wrong ideas about the relationship between the brain and man's mental and physical activities.
1. For instance: wrong ideas of Aristotle;
2. For instance: wrong ideas of scientists during 19th century;
II. Modern research has just begun to uncover the basic process going on within the brain. For instance:
1. Over 100,000 chemical reactions take place every second.
2. A computer weighing over 10,000 kilos would be needed to copy the way the brain works
3. We remember but can't recall everything happening to us.
III. Scientists are doing research on the brain in order to help people make better use of it. For instance:
1. Scientists are trying to find how people learn languages.
2. Some scientists think that the power of the brain will not decrease if given adequate exercises.
3. Others think that the power of brain is limitless but we fail to make use of its full potential partly because of the way we are taught as children. Because:
a. We are told what to do but not taught how to make the best use of our memory.
b. We are told to make notes but not taught how our brains accept information.
IV. Conclusion: Man has started to uncover how the brain really works.
象上面这样至上而下的学习课文可以使学生总体掌握文章,学习整体构思.但平时训练的重点应在每个Section或Paragraph 的组织上. 如上文第二部分和第三部门的的结构,甚至第三部分下每段的结构都可以进行topic sentence和controlling idea 确实定及围绕这个要点所写的句子进行"because; for instance"检验. 然后再学习把握在详细段落里的一些语言点.
当然,有时精读学习也可反过来自下而上地学习文章,也即从词句到段落,再回升到篇章结构.如一旦发明学生不预习时就可这样调剂.在学习文章时,领导学生自己往提炼它的组织结构.如在学习第二级第六课时,学生正巧都没时间预习,于是讲完文明背景后,直接学习课文,但每一小段都要求找出或写出 topic sentence . 头两段显著是本文的论点(thesis):Having confidence is the point when a doctor really become a surgeon. 然后,每段写出topic sentence 和controlling idea;并用because 和for instance 列出其支持中心的事实和阐述:
1. During the first few months I was difficult to go to sleep and dreaded the ringing of the phone. Because: ...
2. From last month on sleep was no problem any longer. Because:
3. In the operating room, I was equally confident. Because:...
4. I was not afraid of making mistakes now. Because:...
5. This all sounds conceited but a surgeon needs conceit.
很显明第5点是在进行总结并照应文章的论点
shanghai escort,所以是本文的最后一段,而前面四点都是在通过不同角度论证confidence是surgeon 的尺度.因而再让学生总结出这一局部的主题: My experience as a chiefresident was good evidence of the importance of self-confidencefor surgeon. 然后可立刻让学生复述课文或写summary.
上述篇章学习法能够使学生提高逻辑思考能力、信息筛选能力、语言和内容的组织能力及概括能力;并能使学生踊跃地赏析名家名文的写作特色及技能;把语篇学习与作文训练有机结合,使两种才能独特提高.
现在只要要多用转换词就可将上述那些事实和材料乃至段落很好的连接起来.
三. 重视多用转换词(transitions)
转换词有如连接砖头的三合泥浆,没有泥浆就难以将建造材料和砖头砌成高楼大厦.同样没有转换词,语言材料也难以构成一篇完整的文章.转换词更象一个个路标
beijing massage,它们把读者指向目标地,使读者更容易跟上作者的思维轨迹.我们在训练学生作文的时候,要特殊注意让学生多使用转换词.句与句之间要多用,段与段之间更要用这些词来承前启后.在阅读课和写作课中先生要时常提示学生注意英语作文中常见的下面几类转换词及它们所体现的逻辑关系,并常常设计相似的语言前提对学生进行大量的训练.这些转换词主要有以下几大类:
1.过渡性转换词,如:first of all, second, in the second place, secondly, thirdly, too, moreover, next, again, besides, in addition to, further, likewise, finally, also, futhermore...
2.举例:for example, for instance, such as, that is, in the following manner, namely, in this case, as an illustration, by way of illustration, in other words, specifically...
3.强调:especially, without doubt, primarily, chiefly, actually, in fact, after all, as a matter of fact, above all, indeed, to be sure, in any event, surely, even more, without question... 4.时光: first, then, next, after, as, before, while, now, during, meanwhile, finally, afterwards, at last, at length since, thereafter, thereupon, while, round the corner...
5.空间:next to, across, on the opposite side, to the left (right), above, below, nearby, beyond, in front of
beijing escort, beside, on the right(left), round the corner...
6.比较雷同点: also, just as, in the same way/manner/token, in comparison, likewise, like, similarly, then too, alike...
7.对比不同点或改变方向:but, still, on the other hand
shenzhen escort, on the contrary, nevertheless, contrary to, however, nontheless, conversely, although, even though, in contrast, whereas, yet...
8.妥协:after all, although it is true, at the same time, granted, provided, of course, while it is true, although
shanghai massage, even though, even if...
9.总结: consequently, so, accordingly, then, as a result, hence, to sum up, in conclusion, in other words, in short, thereafter, in brief, all in all, finally...
通过大批应用这些转换词,明白地唆使出句子之间的逻辑关联,使关系词相响应,句子间的接洽更紧密,从而防止那些彼此缺乏联系象孤岛般的语句.当然这些词更能使段落之间的连接做作紧凑,甚至是浑然一体.
通过上述几方面的训练,学习者的英语作文一定能得到疾速提高.
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